1.

Emeka Sule has just been called to the Nigerian Bar as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. He has been retained by Chief Ajanaku as his solicitor. Chief Ajanaku has requested that Emeka Sule should appear in Court on his behalf to inform the court that he is ill in order to secure an adjournment while he is not ill. Emeka Sule has been contemplating the instruction from his client. He has approached you as a student of professional ethics to explain the core duties of a legal practitioner.

2.

(a) The principle of legal ethics and professional responsibility serve as a moral compass for legal practitioners. Discuss.

(b) Streaming from your above discussion, list and explain four principles of legal ethics.

3.

Analyze the role of a lawyer as an advocate for a client and the lawyer's duties as a moral agent and officer of the court, with reference to philosophical context of ethics.

4.

Examine 3 regulatory institutions in the legal profession in Nigeria.

5.

(a) Briefly explain 5 values a legal practitioner should uphold, giving relevant instances of how they should be applied.

(b) List six (6) factors that influence citizens attitudes towards values.

6.

A lawyer, in the discharge of his or her professional responsibilities, is expected to be morally upright; however, a lawyer may be permitted to assume an amoral role. Discuss, in detail, the lawyer's amoral role vis-à-vis the lawyer's moral standing.

1.

(a) Discuss the duties of a good legal draftsman.

(b) With the aid of at least one judicial authority discuss the duty of care a draftsman owes his client and state whether he can be held liable in negligence on the basis of the duty.

2.

Persuasive writing is the act of swaying the minds of the audience or reader to see things from your point of view or perspective. In Aristotle Rhetoric, there are 3 tools for achieving this feat;

• Mention and explain these tools.

• How does a legal draftsman balance these tools in legal writing not to appear manipulative or overtly emotional?

3.

Briefly discuss the following:

• Single Rule Argument
• Rule Based Argument
• Umbrella Paragraph

4.

David entered into a lease agreement with Joseph for the supply of 10 floating pipes for his dredger for the duration of 2 weeks. By their agreement the delivery of the pipes would be at most 24 hours after the receipt of payment for the lease. However, it is now 2 weeks that payment was made, Joseph is yet to deliver the floating pipes to David's water front.

David has approached you as a Lawyer to write a letter of demand to Joseph requesting him to immediately deliver the floating pipes or refund the money paid or face the consequences of his wrongful action.

5.

Explain the following:

• Why Lawyers need to write in plain English Language.
• The supervisory role of the courts over public and private documents.
• What is legal drafting.

6.

Johnson, a mobite phone dealer adjacent the Administrative block of Federal University Otuoke returned from Swali market at about 8 pm only to find out that his shop had been burgled. The burglars were still around and took to their heels when they sighted Johnson but Harmless, one of the burglars, was not lucky like others as Johnson quickly shut the protector before he could come out of the shop.

Johnson made unsuccessful efforts to contact the police that night but eventually got them to come around 11 am to pick up Harmless to the police station in handcuffs. Harmless contacted his uncle who is a senior police officer while at the police station and soon he was a free man.

Harmless has decided to institute an action for false imprisonment against Johnson.

(i) Examine the relief that could be available to Harmless if he successfully proves the elements of false imprisonment.

(ii) Discuss the elements of false imprisonment that Harmless would need to prove to succeed in his claim.

(iii) What would Johnson do to prevent Harmless from getting the relief sought even if he successfully proves the elements of false imprisonment?

1.

(a) Comprehensively, what is logic?

• Explain two types of logic.

• Debate why a lawyer who is proficient in logic is likely to outperform his challenger.

2.

Write short notes on:

• Induction
• Deduction

• Give 5 examples of an inductive argument.

• Give 5 examples of deductive argument.

• Compare and contrast inductive argument with deductive argument.

3.

(a) Every proposition is a statement but not every statement is a proposition. Discuss.

• Outline and explain four types of propositions.

• Give two examples of each type of proposition.

• Compare and contrast a premise with a conclusion.

4.

(a) What is an argument?

• An argument is different from a quarrel. Explain.

• What is an inference?

• What is a term?

• What is a premise?

• What is a conclusion?

5.

(a) Explain fallacy.

• List and explain five fallacies that you know.

• Give two examples of each of the five fallacies that you have explained.

• Discuss the type of argument that gives new information about the world.

1.

Human nature constitutes the ontological basis of society. Provide the (i) biological, (ii) psychological and (iii) theological or teleological explanations of the above statement. (23 marks).

2.

What is the origin of the State? Briefly explain (i) Plato, (ii) Aristotle and (iii) the Social Contract theorists' accounts of the origin of the State. (23 marks).

3.

What is democracy? How does the principle of "majority rule" guide the process of decision making in a democracy? (23 marks).

4.

(i) Give account of the origin and purpose of politics.

(ii) List a minimum of three (3) each for the following:

• (a) Functions of politics
• (b) Scope of politics

(23 marks).

5.

(i) Explain the term 'political obligation.'

(ii) What are the grounds for the justification of political obligation? (23 marks).

6.

(i) Explain the notion of 'rights' in political philosophy.

(ii) Elucidate the features of human rights. (23 marks).

1.

(a) In detail, define social and political philosophy.

• Write short notes on Plato's social and political thoughts.

• Write short notes on Aristotle's social and political thoughts.

2.

(a) Define social contract.

(b) Briefly explain social contract theories of the following:

• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke
• Jean Jacque Rousseau

3.

(a) According to John Rawls, what is justice?

(b) List the names of justice in his hypothetical state of nature and in the state propounded by him.

4.

Discuss the supremacy of the constitution in Immanuel Kant.

5.

Write short notes on:

(a) Liberalism

1.

On April 24, 2025, Police Sergeant Bonnets was assigned to maintain order and security at the High Court Premises in Yenagoa. At around 1:00 pm, he approaches a lady dressed in casual attire, assuming she was a visitor, and demanded that she submit to a search, as per court protocol.

Despite her plea for civility, the sergeant became aggressive, shouting at her and pushing her toward the security screener. The lady calmly asserted that his actions constituted harassment and a violation of her rights under the Nigerian Constitution.

The situation escalated until the sergeant discovered that the lady was in fact a judge of the Nembe High Court, presiding over Court 9 within the complex. Upon realizing his grave mistake, the sergeant became apologetic and began begging for forgiveness.

Critique the police sergeant's actions in light of the incident involving the judge.

Describe the symbiotic relationship between the police and the court, highlighting their interdependence.

2.

Write on any three (3) of the following:

• Positivist theory of law
• Functional theory of law
• Law and justice
• Law and freedom
• Law and sovereignty

3.

The National Assembly, in exercise of its legislative power of making laws for the peace, order and good government of the federation with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List as provided under Section 4 of the 1990 Constitution (as amended), enacted the Library Trust Fund, among other things, provided for increased funding for the Library Trust Fund.

The Bill was thereafter transmitted to the President for his assent. The President, however, in a letter to the National Assembly communicated his intention not to assent to the Bill, citing legal inconsistencies with existing laws and financial concerns as the Bill seeks to tax federal agencies.

The Special Adviser to the President on National Assembly Matters communicated to the President of the plans of the National Assembly to veto the Bill. The President, in a bid to stop the Supreme Court from compelling the National Assembly to give credence to his concerns, rather than vetoing the Bill, approached the Supreme Court.

The National Assembly, in opposition to the application, is urging the Supreme Court to dismiss the application in line with its previous decisions that the court lacks jurisdiction to stop the National Assembly from performing its constitutional legislative functions.

(i) Considering the facts of the case, does the Supreme Court have jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter?

(ii) Assuming the answer to question (i) is in the affirmative, will the Supreme Court be bound by its previous decisions?

(iii) What would be the effect of the Bill if the National Assembly vetoes it?

4.

(a) Enumerate the methods of social control through law.

(b) What is legal reasoning?

(c) Explain the types of reasoning in law and its purpose in Nigerian legal system.

5.

(a) What circumstances led to the development of the Court of Equity?

(b) Write on the following:

1. Written and unwritten constitution
2. Civil law and common law
3. Public and private law
4. Substantive and procedural law

6.

Excellent Foods, an online food vendor based in Federal University Otuoke, entered into a sales agreement with Intercontinental Food Ltd, one of the major food vendors based in Port-Harcourt for the supply of variety of cooked foods to its numerous customers.

Excellent Foods does not prepare foods but relies on foods from other vendors to service its customers. Intercontinental Foods Ltd was to deliver Excellent Food orders through courier companies but "will not be liable for damages occasioned as a result of late delivery of the orders to Excellent Foods."

The transactions went on well for several months, but on January 15, 2025, Richboy, a dispatch rider who was to deliver the orders placed by Excellent Foods was stopped by the police at a checkpoint and was delayed for several hours.

Most Excellent Food customers cancelled their orders after several hours of waiting. Richboy later arrived at about 6 p.m. and Excellent Foods discovered that some of the foods had gotten soured. Intercontinental Foods Ltd insists it will not be liable for the damages.

(i) Discuss the legal issues arising from the ambiguity in the contract and how the court will deal with the issue of whether Intercontinental Foods Ltd will be liable.

(ii) What other principles and statutory construction are applicable to the interpretation of the provisions of the agreement?

1.

The Historical School of Jurisprudence emphasizes law as a product of a nation's history, culture, and people's spirit (volksgeist). Critics argue this approach can lead to conservatism and resistance to social change, as it implies laws are inherently tied to tradition.

In a multicultural society like Nigeria with diverse ethnic groups and evolving social norms, discuss the implications of adopting the Historical School's approach to law-making and reform. Should Nigeria prioritize preserving its traditional laws and customs, or adapt to changing societal needs?

2.

Discuss the tension between 'law and order' and 'individual freedom' as competing objectives of law in society. In the context of Nigeria's rising crime rates and demands for stricter security measures, evaluate how lawmakers should balance these objectives.

3.

The National Assembly held a joint session on December 5, 2025, as convened by the Senate President in his capacity as the leader of the National Assembly. During the session, the Senate Leader introduced an executive bill for the repeal of the National Pledge and the establishment of a new National Pledge.

The joint session extensively deliberated on the bill and later adjourned to December 6, 2025. The bill was passed into law on December 6, 2025, as the New National Pledge Act 2025. The Clerk of the National Assembly transmitted the bill for the President's assent on December 7, 2025.

The President, on the advice of the Attorney General of the Federation, sent a letter to the National Assembly on January 15, 2026 communicating his decision to veto the bill due to procedural errors.

The Senate President is considering convening a joint session in a bid to override the President's veto. The Attorney General of the Federation is determined to sue the National Assembly should it proceed with the proposed overriding of the President's veto.

Identify the procedural irregularities in the process, and advise the National Assembly and the Attorney General of the Federation accordingly.

4.

The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, acting pursuant to Section 305 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended), signified an intention to issue a Proclamation of a State of Emergency in Zamora State, following prolonged civil unrest and a breakdown of public order.

The Proclamation intends to suspend the Governor and the members of the State House of Assembly and appoint a Sole Administrator to oversee the affairs of the State.

The Governor and the State House of Assembly have approached the Supreme Court seeking injunctive reliefs against the President and the National Assembly.

The President and the National Assembly, through their respective legal representatives, have both asked the Supreme Court to dismiss the matter for want of jurisdiction, in line with its previous decisions.

(a) Discuss the legal issues with respect to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to hear and determine the matter, considering the parties involved.

(b) What will be the effect of the previous decision of the Supreme Court on the matter, as relied on by the President and the National Assembly?

5.

In recent years, disputes over land ownership, inheritance, and family relations in Nigeria have increasingly brought into conflict customary law practices and received English common law principles, particularly where customary norms appear to discriminate on the basis of gender or conflict with constitutional guarantees of equality.

Such disputes have resulted in both civil litigation and criminal proceedings, and have raised questions about applicable procedures and the relevance of international human rights standards.

With reference to this scenario, answer the following questions:

• Explain the rationale for classifying laws, and examine the significance of such classifications to legal reasoning and judicial decision-making in resolving conflicts between customary law and common law in Nigeria.
• Distinguish between public and private law, and between substantive and procedural law.
• Discuss the relationship between common law and customary law in Nigeria, including the role of equity in moderating the application of rigid customary rules.

6.

With specific reference to relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), critically examine the concepts of constitutional supremacy and the doctrine of separation of powers.

1.

Emeka Sule has just been called to the Nigerian Bar as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. He has been retained by Chief Ajanaku as his solicitor. Chief Ajanaku has requested that Emeka Sule should appear in Court on his behalf to inform the court that he is ill in order to secure an adjournment while he is not ill. Emeka Sule has been contemplating the instruction from his client. He has approached you as a student of professional ethics to explain the core duties of a legal practitioner.

2.

(a) The principle of legal ethics and professional responsibility serve as a moral compass for legal practitioners. Discuss.

(b) Streaming from your above discussion, list and explain four principles of legal ethics.

3.

Analyze the role of a lawyer as an advocate for a client and the lawyer's duties as a moral agent and officer of the court, with reference to philosophical context of ethics.

4.

Examine 3 regulatory institutions in the legal profession in Nigeria.

5.

(a) Briefly explain 5 values a legal practitioner should uphold, giving relevant instances of how they should be applied.

(b) List six (6) factors that influence citizens attitudes towards values.

6.

A lawyer, in the discharge of his or her professional responsibilities, is expected to be morally upright; however, a lawyer may be permitted to assume an amoral role. Discuss, in detail, the lawyer's amoral role vis-à-vis the lawyer's moral standing.

1.

Mr. Tamuno Briggs, a businessman resident in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, entered into an agreement with Mr. Ebiowei Diri, a building contractor, on 10th February 2026 for the supply and installation of roofing materials in a residential building situated at Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The agreed contract sum was N8,500,000.00, which Mr. Briggs paid in full upon execution of the agreement.

Mr. Diri completed only a small portion of the work and thereafter abandoned the project. Despite several telephone calls, text messages, and personal visits by Mr. Briggs demanding either completion of the work or refund of the unutilized balance of the contract sum, Mr. Diri has refused to respond.

An independent quantity surveyor engaged by Mr. Briggs estimated the value of the work done at only N2,000,000.00. Mr. Briggs has now consulted your law firm, Messrs Lex & Partners, seeking legal assistance to recover the outstanding sum of N6,500,000.00 and any other relief available to him.

As a Legal Practitioner in Messrs Lex & Partners, write a formal demand letter on behalf of Mr. Tamuno Briggs to Mr. Ebiowei Diri demanding the refund of the outstanding sum within fourteen (14) days, failing which legal proceedings shall be commenced against him without further notice.

2.

A newly admitted law student at Federal University Otuoke observed that many students prefer obtaining information from online sources rather than visiting the physical library.

During a library orientation programme, the University Librarian emphasized that an understanding of library classification systems and effective library use skills remains indispensable for serious academic research. According to the Librarian, mastery of library resources enables users to locate, evaluate, and utilize information efficiently, thereby enhancing the quality of research outcomes.

Despite the growing popularity of digital and online information platforms, the Librarian maintained that physical libraries continue to play a vital role in legal education and scholarship.

The student is, however, of the opinion that online information platforms have rendered physical libraries largely obsolete. As a Library and Information Science adviser, critically evaluate the student's position by comparing and contrasting the importance of physical libraries and online information platforms in contemporary legal research.

In your answer, state which of the two you consider more beneficial to a law student and justify your position with relevant reasons.

3.

A reported case is a primary source of law and an indispensable research tool for legal practitioners, judges, academics, and law students.

To effectively utilize a reported case, a legal researcher must understand its various component parts and their respective functions.

Briefly discuss the component parts of a reported case, explaining what each part contains and its relevance to legal research and legal practice.

4.

Judicial precedent is one of the major sources of law in Nigeria and the doctrine of stare decisis promotes certainty, consistency, and predictability in the administration of justice.

Thus, discuss the doctrine of judicial precedent in Nigeria by addressing the following:

• Explain judicial precedent as a source of law in Nigeria.
• Explain the conditions necessary for the effective operation of the doctrine of stare decisis.
• Discuss the operation of the doctrine of stare decisis at the following courts:
  • High Court
  • Court of Appeal
  • Supreme Court

5.

Mr. Fings Roland, a prominent property developer, instructed Surv. Fyne Tara, a Quantity Surveyor and his brother-in-law, to sell approximately one thousand (1,000) plots of land belonging to him at Ekeki-Epie, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State.

No agreement was reached regarding commission, remuneration, or professional fees for the assignment.

Surv. Tara subsequently sold the property for N800,000,000.00 but remitted only N500,000,000.00 to Mr. Roland, retaining N300,000,000.00 on the ground that it represented his professional charges and reward for services rendered.

Mr. Roland has consulted you for legal advice.

Prepare a well-reasoned Legal Opinion advising Mr. Roland on the legal relationship between the parties, whether Surv. Tara is entitled to retain the sum of N300,000,000.00 in the absence of an express agreement, and the legal remedies available to Mr. Roland.

6.

A Year One law student, Eluan, is asked to write a legal memorandum on a contract dispute.

In her draft, she writes:

"The defendant was kinda wrong because the agreement was sort of unclear, and at this point in time it seems he did not really do what he said he would do. Therefore, the claimant should probably win."

Eluan also submits the work without headings, without stating the legal issue, and without explaining the rule of law or applying any legal principle to the facts.

Advise Eluan on the weaknesses in her legal writing and explain how she can improve her work by focusing on any two of the following:

• Clarity and precision
• IRAC/CRAC structure
• Avoiding wordiness, ambiguity, and poor proofreading

1.

The hallmark of human conduct in a given society is ethics. Hence the Legal Profession has its ethics which places enormous responsibility on Legal Practitioners in Nigeria.

• Cite the first Rule correctly that summarizes lawyers' conduct. 5 marks
• Quote exactly the provision of this first rule referred to. 9 marks
• Address the Court as to whether Legal Practitioners in Nigeria have discharged this enormous ethical responsibility that designates a Noble Profession with examples. 5 marks

2.

Dr. Christian Haruna is a legal practitioner of over 15 years post-call and currently teaches law in the Faculty of Law, Federal University Otuoke in Bayelsa State. He was recently briefed by Mallam Mangani to prosecute a succession claim before the Customary Court in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

Dr. Haruna and Mallam Mangani agreed on the sum of N2,000,000 only as professional fees to be paid. On his first appearance before the Customary Court, the Chairman of the Court refused to record his appearance on the basis that he is a very senior lawyer and law lecturer.

When Dr. Haruna stepped out of the court, he demanded his full fees from Mallam Mangani who also refused to pay him any fees.

• With the aid of statutory and case law authorities, advise the Chairman of the Customary Court on the rights of a legal practitioner and state the circumstances when a legal practitioner may be disentitled from asserting the said rights. 10 marks
• With the aid of statutory and case law authorities, advise Dr. Haruna on the proper procedure to recover his professional legal fees from Mallam Mangani. 7 marks

3.

Write short notes on all of the following:

• Contingency fees and champerty — 5 marks
• Privileged communication — 4 marks
• Client account and trust account — 4 marks
• Infamous conduct in professional respect — 4 marks

4.

(a) By Code of Conduct, we mean? 7 marks

(b) Outline the essence of the Code of Conduct for Judicial Officers. 10 marks

5.

With the expression of a diagrammatic illustration, discuss the Structure of the Legal Profession in Nigeria. 17 marks

6.

(a) List 7 importance of Ethics in a society. 7 marks

(b) Explain 5 importance listed above. 10 marks

1.

Barr. Snow was Managing Partner of Snow & Associates in Yenagoa. In 2024, the firm acted for Shell Nigeria Ltd in a $500m arbitration against Niger Delta Services Ltd over breach of an oil services contract.

During the arbitration, Barr. Snow obtained confidential pricing data, trade secrets and Shell's litigation strategy. In February 2026, while the arbitration was still ongoing, Niger Delta Services Ltd approached Barr. Snow's Junior Partner (Barr. Goody) to brief the firm to represent it in a separate $100m debt recovery suit against Shell.

The new matter was unrelated to the arbitration but involved the same parties. Upon learning this, Barr. Snow immediately wrote to Shell terminating the firm's retainer in the arbitration, citing "irreconcilable differences".

Few days later, the firm accepted the brief from Niger Delta Services Ltd and Shell petitioned the LPDC for infamous conduct.

Issues for determination:

• With reference to the RPC 2023 and decided cases, has Snow & Associates breached the Rules of Professional Conduct by dropping Shell and accepting Niger Delta's brief?
• Does the "Hot Potatoes Doctrine" apply in this case since the new suit was on a different subject matter?

Support your answers with relevant provisions of the RPC and decided authorities.

2.

"The right of a legal practitioner to practice is not absolute."

With relevant provisions of the Legal Practitioners Act and Rules of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners, discuss the statutory and professional restrictions placed on the right of practice of a legal practitioner in Nigeria.

3.

On June 14th, Barrister Godrick was called by Mr. Rommel on phone to come to his store (Rick Enterprise) for a brief of wrongful dismissal.

On hearing the brief, the legal practitioner refused to take up the matter on grounds that his wife is the managing director of the sister company of Rommel's former employer.

Barrister Godrick is also representing another company (Tasty Alitess) in a taxation matter at Federal High Court, Abuja, in which the company is the plaintiff.

At the last hearing of the case, Godrick nearly was embroiled in a heated argument with Prof. P. J. Fawei, a Senior Advocate. The crux of their disagreement bordered on who should mention his case before the other. It took the intervention of the presiding judge to save the situation.

On arrival at his residence, Godrick discussed confidential information of the taxation case with his friend Ferdinand and his neighbour Josephine.

With relevant statutory and judicial authorities, identify and discuss all the ethical issues raised in the scenario.

4.

Barr. Moon is a legal practitioner based in Yenagoa who hosts a weekly radio programme titled "You and the Law."

In one episode titled "How to sue Banks for wrongful deductions and recover your money effortlessly", he discussed the legal procedures and at the end of the programme, Barr. Moon gave out his email address to be reached for further details on the subject matter.

Barr. Biggy petitioned the NBA Yenagoa Branch alleging that Barr. Moon acted unethically for advertising, solicitation and touting.

The NBA Yenagoa Branch found Barr. Moon culpable and imposed a one-year suspension from practice. The findings of the NBA Yenagoa Branch against Barr. Moon was affirmed by the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee (LPDC).

However, Barr. Moon is contemplating an appeal against the sanction.

Issues for determination:

• As a student of Professional Ethics, review the decisions of NBA Yenagoa Branch and the LPDC in the light of the RPC 2023 and decided cases.
• What are the chances of securing a successful appeal since the sanction had been affirmed by the LPDC?
• Which court is competent to hear the appeal if at all?

Discuss with reference to the Rules of Professional Conduct, 2023 and relevant authorities.

5.

Okiemue Esq is a legal practitioner called to the Nigerian Bar in the year 2019. He has since commenced law practice and is currently the managing partner of Okiemute & Associates in Ekeki, Bayelsa State.

His client Mr. Douye, who is a businessman desirous of owning a factory, gave Okiemute Esq a cash sum of N10,000,000 only to purchase a factory.

Okiemute Esq paid the money into his personal account with First Bank Ltd, bought an iPhone 17 for his wife and also paid for his office rent from the said monies deposited in his personal bank account, hoping to refund the money later.

Identify and discuss the professional issues that may be raised against Okiemute with reference to the Rules of Professional Conduct 2023 and Legal Practitioners Act.

6.

Barr. Ekong Bassey and two other lawyers were Principal Partners in the law firm of Omogos & Co. Associates in Yenagoa.

One of the Partners was mentally unstable and had sought medical attention abroad. On 10 January 2026, the other Partner secured a political appointment with the Federal Government.

On 3rd April 2026, Barr. Ekong sent an unsolicited email to the Legal Department of MTN Nigeria Communications Plc. The email reads:

The email sent to MTN was leaked out and the firm representing MTN through the NBA Yenagoa Branch petitioned the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee (LPDC), alleging that Barr. Ekong and Omogos & Co. Associates engaged in touting and improper advertising.

Issues for determination:

• With reference to the Rules of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners (RPC) 2023 and decided authorities, discuss the ethical implications of Barr. Ekong's email to MTN.
• Are the Principal Partners of the Omogos & Co. Associates vicariously liable for Barr. Ekong's actions?
• What sanctions, if any, are likely to be imposed by the LPDC?

Support your answers with relevant provisions of the RPC and decided authorities.

1.

(a) The protection of Fundamental Human Rights is one of the core features of the Nigerian constitutional framework. With reference to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended), discuss extensively the Fundamental Human Rights guaranteed under the Constitution. In your answer, outline the various rights, and state the relevant constitutional provisions. (15 Marks)

(b) Following a series of violent clashes between a militant group known as the Niger Delta Freedom Movement and security forces, the Federal Government arrested the group's leader, Ebiwei, and charged him with treasonable felony.

Ebiwei's lawyers filed an application before the Federal High Court seeking his release on bail, arguing that his right to personal liberty under Section 35 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended) had been violated.

They contended that he was presumed innocent until proven guilty and that there was no justification for his continued detention. The Attorney-General of the Federation opposed the application, arguing that Ebiwei's release would pose a threat to national security and public order, and that the Constitution allows certain derogations of fundamental rights in such situations.

As a law student, advise the court on whether the continued detention of Ebiwei is justified under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, with reference to constitutional and judicial authorities. (10 Marks)

2.

Discuss the concept of domestication of treaties under Nigerian law. In your answer, explain when and how a human rights treaty becomes enforceable in Nigeria, with reference to relevant constitutional provisions and case law. (15 Marks)

3.

Write short notes on:

• UDHR — 5 Marks
• ICCPR — 5 Marks
• CEDAW — 5 Marks

4.

Write a short note on the African Charter on Human and People's Rights. (15 Marks)

5.

With reference to Human Rights Law, differentiate between a Right-Holder and a Duty Bearer. (15 Marks)

6.

Explain the concept of the vertical application of fundamental human rights. In your answer, identify the parties involved and illustrate your explanation with relevant examples. (15 Marks)

1.

Nigeria ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, the treaty has not been enacted into law by the Nigerian National Assembly.

During a peaceful protest, Praise was arrested and detained without trial for two weeks. She instituted an action before a High Court in Nigeria, relying solely on the provisions of the ICCPR to enforce her fundamental rights.

The Federal Government argues that although Nigeria has ratified the ICCPR, it is not enforceable in Nigerian courts because it has not been domesticated.

Advise the parties on the following:

• Explain the doctrine of domestication of treaties under Nigerian law.
• State whether the ICCPR is enforceable in Nigeria merely because it has been ratified.
• Mention one international human rights instrument that has been domesticated in Nigeria and explain why it is enforceable in Nigerian courts.

2.

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended), guarantees several fundamental rights to every person within Nigeria.

With reference to the relevant provisions of Chapter IV of the Constitution, enumerate and briefly explain the rights to life, dignity of human person and freedom of movement guaranteed under the Constitution.

3.

The Federal Government of Nigeria received credible intelligence that a group known as the Freedom Restoration Movement (FRM) was planning coordinated attacks on critical national infrastructure.

Acting on this intelligence, security agencies arrested the group's leader, Caleb, together with several members.

The authorities prohibited all public rallies organised by the group, restricted Caleb's movement within certain parts of the country, and detained him for a period of 3 months without admitting him to bail.

Justify the action of the Federal Government of Nigeria.

4.

Write short notes on the following:

1. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter)
2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
3. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

5.

Distinguish the concepts of vertical and horizontal application of human rights with relevant authorities.

6.

All courts in Nigeria are courts of first instance that can assume jurisdiction over human rights violations.

Critically examine this statement with the aid of statutory provisions and judicial authorities.

1.

As a lawyer to be, why do you think that the study of symbolic logic is critical to your mental and professional development? With no less than 10 points give your reasons for or against.

2.

(a) What are the differences between material implication and material equivalence?

(b) Using truth tables, demonstrate material implication and material equivalence.

(c) Give two examples of material implication statement and material equivalent statement.

(d) Do you think that material implication is in consonance with the laws of thought? Make your case.

3.

(a) List and explain the laws of thoughts.

(b) With no less than ten points make a case for the mastery of the laws of thoughts for a successful legal practice.

4.

(a) List and explain five fallacies.

(b) Do you think that a lawyer with a mastery of the fallacies is better off than the one without such mastery? Make your case for or against with no less than 10 points.

5.

Define and draw truth tables for the following:

1. Conjunction
2. Disjunction
3. Material Implication
4. Material Equivalence

1.

(a) How will you explain to your friend in the Faculty of Science that this course is as scientific as his course of discipline? (10 marks)

(b) If there is a gunshot in this examination hall now, how are you going to react? (13 marks)

2.

(a) To what extent will you agree with the nature-nurture hypothesis, demonstrate with evidences, which of the paradigm you lean towards. (13 marks)

(b) How do individual deal with real or perceived inadequacies? (10 marks)

3.

Highlight the basic steps in research in social scientific research. (23 marks)

4.

With reference to biological basis of human behavior, freely explain why you have certain behavioral traits. (23 marks)

5.

(a) What are the differences in the functions of the hormones in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters in the nervous system? (10 marks)

(b) Succinctly describe the physiology of any sense organ you are familiar with. (13 marks)

1.

(a) Explain the concept of conformity in social behavior and why do you think people conform in social settings.

(b) Explain the similarities in the social behavior of human and animal.

2.

Explain the process of the endocrine system in control of various biological needs (sex, menstrual cycle, breast milk production), how is it different from the actions of neurotransmitters.

3.

Critically explain the assumptions of psycho-analysis theory of Sigmund Freud in personality development, and how does it relate to coping with real or imagined inadequacies.

4.

If a troop of bandits enter the University Campus looking all dangerous, with assorted military grade weapons, with the aim of conducting mass kidnap, how will your nervous system respond to this dangerous situation?

5.

With reference to the four (4) D(s), define Abnormal Behavior. What are the models for understanding and explaining Abnormal Behavior?

1.

Randy Rose runs a self-service shop and an online store for electrical appliances. It placed an online advertisement for the new stock of solar panels which just arrived from Germany:

"Limited stock! Akatec model solar panel for N1 Million only".

On January 23, 2025 Brenda, a long-time customer of Randy Rose sees the advertisement and immediately transferred the sum of Two Million naira to Randy Rose account for two pieces of the solar panel.

On January 24, 2025 Brenda went to the self-service shop with Alkaline to pick up the solar panels. While the duo checked through the shelves, Alkaline picked up some items and transferred the total sum to Randy Rose account displayed on the shop.

The duo took the receipts of the items to the Cashier for confirmation to enable them take delivery of the items. The Cashier informed Brenda that the solar panels go for N2 Million each. The items paid for by Alkaline were also said to have been underpaid.

The duo claims that binding contracts have been created between them and Randy Rose. The Cashier tells them that both the online advertisement and the price tags were solely intended to attract customers.

Advise the parties.

2.

(a) Define what capacity to contract means in the Law of Contract.

(b) Mention the three (3) characteristics of persons who have the requisite capacity to contract.

3.

Agro Farms, a large commercial farming company operating in Bayelsa State, entered into a written lease agreement with BLord Properties on January 25, 2016 for a 500-hectare arable farmland.

The lease was for a fixed term of ten years. Clause 7 of the lease agreement provides that upon termination of the lease, the Tenant shall leave all manure produced on the land for the benefit of the Landlord or the incoming tenant, without any compensation.

The lease was silent on any obligation for the Landlord to compensate the Tenant for seeds sown, labour expended, or improvements made during the final year of the tenancy.

In the Bayelsa State agricultural region, there is a long-established custom among farmers and landowners that outgoing tenant is entitled to a fair and reasonable allowance from the Landlord for the value of seeds sown, labour, and cultivation work carried out in the final year that benefits the land after the tenant has left.

On January 25, 2026, Agro Farms vacated the farm and demanded compensation of N10 million from BLord Properties as value of seeds sown, labour, and cultivation work carried out in 2025 that benefits the land after the tenant has left.

Advise Agro Farms whether it is likely to succeed in recovering the compensation.

4.

On December 20, 2025, Saint Nicholas Group, a company based in Abuja, sends a letter to Greenwood Tech, a firm in Yenagoa, offering to sell a batch of 500 custom computer servers for N350 Million.

The letter specifies that acceptance must be in writing and sent by post, and it remains open until December 30, 2025. Greenwood Tech received the letter on December 22, 2025.

Pleased with the terms, the Managing Director of Greenwood Tech drafted an acceptance letter on December 23, 2025 and posts it via first-class mail that same afternoon from a Yenagoa post office.

Unknown to Greenwood Tech, due to a postal strike starting on December 24, 2025 the letter is delayed and does not reach Saint Nicholas Group until January 3, 2026.

Meanwhile, on December 26, 2025, Saint Nicholas Group finds a better buyer and decides to revoke the offer. They send a revocation letter by post to Greenwood Tech, which arrived on December 28, 2025.

Greenwood Tech, having already posted their acceptance, ignored the revocation and demanded delivery of the servers upon the letter's eventual arrival at Saint Nicholas Group.

Saint Nicholas Group refuses to proceed, claiming no contract was formed because the acceptance was not received before the revocation took effect and the offer had lapsed by the time the acceptance arrived.

Advise Greenwood Tech on whether a valid contract has been formed with Saint Nicholas Group.

5.

Lady B, a low-income single mother on welfare entered into installment sales contract with Baseline Limited, a furniture store based in Otuoke for the purchase of household goods over five years.

The contract included a cross-collateralization clause, under which no payments reduced the principal on any item until the entire balance for all purchases was paid off by Lady B.

Lady B defaulted on the final item as a result of failure of the Welfare Office to pay her monthly stipend due to industrial action.

Baseline Limited is seeking to repossess all previously purchased and partially paid-for furniture from Lady B, in line with the contract.

Lady B contends that it is unjust of the company to repossess the goods as sought, but the company argues that both parties freely entered into the contract.

Advise the parties.

6.

(a) What are implied terms of a contract and why should the law imply terms in certain contracts?

(b) Explain the three (3) types of stipulations in a contract that you have been taught and analyze the consequences of the breach of each one of them citing copious judicial authorities to support your views.

(c) What are exclusion and limitation clauses? Briefly but generally state the consequences of inserting them in a contract.

1.

Law is an integral part of any society, either primitive or civilised. The law in societies shape, regulate, curtail, and even control excessive behaviours of individuals within the group. The law plays a fundamental role in the society, but for law, coexistence would have been unbearable for both banal and elicit people in the society.

It may be described as a means which keeps the society in harmony and peaceful ambience. Wherefore, it is appropriate to say that, the law is an important aspect of the society. Now observe and carefully react to the following:

• With well-articulated English grammar, describe what you think is law?
• Concisely enumerate the basic characteristics features of law which binds the society.

2.

Write very brief explanatory notes on each of the following:

1. Criminal and Civil law
2. Public and Private law
3. Just only the components of English received law in Nigeria
4. Natural and Divine Law
5. External and Manmade law

3.

Conflict of interests is inevitable where two or more bodies of law operate in a single legal system. In Nigeria, however, conflict of interests is bound to be in existence in that, the legal system is so complex, with numerous bodies of law in operation.

The derivation from the English legal system due to a protracted period of colonization, and the adoption of customary practices, further compounds its complexity the more.

Howbeit, even in England, where our legal system stemmed from is no different from Nigeria in terms of conflicting interest in laws. This is demonstratively shown between common law and doctrine of equity.

These two bodies of law plagued England, for a very long period of time. It was so bad to an extent that when a judgement is obtained at common law jurisdiction, it is frequently upturned at the courts of equity.

However, it was amicably handled, and the problems was ameliorated and perfected in the English Legal System.

Vividly analyse how this plaguing problem was solved, and its implications in Nigeria.

4.

The courts are veritable components of any viable legal system. They are the bodies institutionally organised for adjudication, whenever there is a breach of rights, between individuals, and among government and her agencies.

The courts are configured to embrace both special and general jurisdictions. Their operations in the legal system are quite unique and different from each other, in terms of characters, parties, and subject matters jurisdiction.

All courts, irrespective of the special nature, must function within an enabling instrument of law.

Meticulously itemise the various courts of record as enshrined in the Constitution, and their enabling sections.

5.

With constitutional reference, concisely demonstrate how each of the following judicial officers are appointed in the Nigerian Legal System:

• The Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN)
• The President of the Court of Appeal (PCA)
• The President of the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja
• The Chief Judge of the State High Court
• The President of the National Industrial Court of Nigeria

6.

A legal system cannot survive without a vibrant and functional government. Nigeria as a State, operates Federal type of government, having semi detach units.

Every component part has a viable government which runs the day-to-day activities of the units. All the domains of government are important in their distinct responsibilities.

One cannot perform the duties and obligations of the others. They function independently, in running the government smoothly without interference.

In your own view, precisely identify, and make notes in brevity on each of governmental units which runs the day-to-day activities of the State of Nigeria.

1.

The Federal Republic of Zuma has a written constitution and requires a special resolution of 3/4th of the members of the National Assembly to secure an amendment of same.

The President of the Senate of the National Assembly is desirous of amending the Constitution to vest life Presidency to the incumbent President of the Federal Republic of Zuma.

He has successfully secured the support of 195 members out of the 380 members of the National Assembly and subsequently declared that the constitution has been amended with 195 members votes.

The other members have argued that the Constitution cannot be amended without strict compliance with its amendment provisions while the Senate President supported by 195 members have held unto the fact that the National Assembly has the final say in constitutional amendment.

In the light of the above, advise the contending parties on the concept of supremacy having regard to the nature of the constitution operated by the Federal Republic of Zuma.

2.

A small group of the Independent Republic of Greenfield Military plotted to overthrow the government but succeeded in assassinating only the Vice President as the President escaped the assassination.

The Council of Ministers thereafter handed over the reign of power to the Military.

The Military in a proclamation suspended parts of the constitution including the National Assembly and also ousted the jurisdiction of the courts to question the validity of the acts of the Military.

The Speaker of the National Assembly is contemplating to approach the court to challenge the power of the military to suspend the National Assembly of the Independent Republic of Greenfield. He has approached you as a constitutional law expert.

Advise him on the following:

• Whether the Military takeover constitutes a revolution and can therefore suspend the National Assembly and oust the jurisdiction of the court?
• Would your answer be different if it was an Edict that ousted the jurisdiction of the courts?

3.

Mr. Somi Dike is a student of History in the Department of History in the Federal University Otuoke.

He has sought to embark on a research project on the constitutional history of Nigeria. Knowing that Law students know a lot about the constitutional developments in Nigeria, he has approached you for assistance.

Guide him through the constitutional developments from 1922 to 1963, highlighting the most important differences from one constitutional era to the other.

4.

Aristotle once said:

"The Rule of law is preferable to every other rule of man."

Justify the above statement by explaining the minimum contents or elements upon which the concept stands in civilized nations.

5.

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) has shared political power and governmental functions both horizontally and vertically amongst different arms and tiers of government.

With the aid of constitutional provisions and decided authorities explain the relevant constitutional law concepts envisaged.

6.

Write short notes on the following:

• Federal constitution and Unitary constitution
• Rigid and Flexible constitution
• Written and Unwritten constitution
• Presidential and Parliamentary constitution

1.

The Ministry of Health refuses to release information on a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease, citing national security and public panic concerns.

Journalists argue that disclosure is necessary to protect lives.

Apply the doctrine of Overriding Public Interest to determine whether the information should be disclosed.

2.

"The Right to Know is not absolute."

Critically discuss this statement, identifying the major limitations to the Right to Know under Nigerian law.

3.

Trace the historical evolution of the press in Nigeria from the pre-colonial period to the digital age.

4.

Define the concepts of the press and the media. Distinguish clearly between the two and explain why these definitions are important for regulatory purposes in modern democratic societies.

5.

In the interest of public morality, national defense and protection of the rights of others, media contents are limited. Explain.

6.

What is the legal basis for media censorship?

1.

Okoronkwo Uche from Imo State died, leaving behind five children. Two among them were female (Chika and Ifeoma).

A dispute broke out between the children in respect of their rights of inheritance to their late father's properties.

The contention was that female children were not entitled to the property of their late father as custom in Imo State excludes female children from inheriting their father's property.

Chika and Ifeoma have approached you for your legal opinion. Advise them.

2.

Mr. Micheal John married Esther by paying her bride-price in full to her parents.

However, Esther left her matrimonial home and husband and went ahead to have children with another man.

Mr. Micheal John is claiming that the children are his on the ground that the customary law governing them still acknowledges him as the husband of Esther.

He further contends that Esther is not allowed under the customary law to marry another man until the bride-price paid was refunded to him.

Esther has approached you as her legal counsel. Advise her accordingly.

3.

List and write short notes on the various customary judicial processes under African customary law.

4.

Section 16 of the Evidence Act provides that a custom may be adopted as part of the law governing a particular set of circumstances if it can be proved to exist by evidence.

How do you prove the existence of custom?

5.

(a) A customary practice can metamorphose into a customary law only after it has been successfully subjected and passed some tests. Discuss.

(b) State the features of customary law in Nigeria.

6.

Write short notes on the following:

• Family head
• Family council
• Family social responsibility
• Trial by Ordeal
• Oath-taking

1.

Engr. Mfon is a Nigerian citizen who works as a mechanical engineer for Shell Petroleum Development Company Ltd (SPDC). In 2025, he spent four months working offshore in Angola, three months in Ghana, and five months in Nigeria. While in Ghana, he earned N6,000,000 which was taxed under Ghanaian law. He also earned N9,000,000 from his Nigerian employer and N3,500,000 as rent from a property in Ibadan. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) assessed his tax on his total income for the year of assessment.

(a) Determine Engr. Mfon's residency for tax purposes.

(b) Identify which of the incomes are chargeable to tax in Nigeria.

(c) Advise Engr. Mfon on whether he is entitled to any relief in respect of the tax on the money earned in Nigeria.

2.

Mrs. Ikogi is a fashion entrepreneur operating in Lagos. In 2022, her business records showed the following: Gross business income: N15,000,000; Allowable expenses: N4,000,000; Capital allowance claimed: N2,500,000; Personal reliefs: N1,200,000. The tax authority assessed her chargeable income at N10,800,000. Mrs. Ikogi objects to the assessment, arguing that the computation is incorrect.

(a) Explain the concepts of assessable income and chargeable income.

(b) Determine the correct chargeable income, if any.

(c) Enumerate four (4) non-taxable incomes.

3.

Purejoy Ltd is incorporated in Nigeria but has its management and control in Kenya. The company operates a large cocoa processing plant in Ondo State and exports most of its products. The Commissioner of Inland Revenue in Ondo through a memo directed that since Purejoy Ltd earned about N750,000,000 from operations in Ondo, Purejoy will, in addition to its Company Income Tax, pay 2% of that money to Ondo State as development tax. The company also earns N60,000,000 from export sales to Europe and N40,000,000 from consultancy services rendered in Kenya. The company argues that it is not liable to Companies Income Tax in Nigeria because it is not resident in Nigeria.

(a) Advise Purejoy Ltd on its tax liability in Nigeria.

(b) Advise Ondo State Government on the legality of imposing development levy tax.

(c) Explain the two types of taxes in Nigeria.

4.

The Bayelsa State Internal Revenue Service (BSIRS) sealed the business premises of Peaceson's Services without prior notice, alleging failure to remit Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) deductions for several years. Peaceson's Services contends that the action was unlawful and violated its right to fair hearing.

(a) Examine the powers of tax authorities to enforce tax compliance.

(b) Discuss the rights of taxpayers during tax enforcement proceedings.

(c) Advise Peaceson's Services on the legality of the action taken by BSIRS.

5.

During Tax Proceedings in Nigeria a taxpayer is not at the mercy of the tax authority. Nigerian law guarantees several procedural and constitutional rights during tax assessment, enforcement, and recovery. Discuss those rights with the aid of decided cases and statutory authorities.

6.

(a) What is taxation?

(b) What are the canons or principles of a good tax system according to Adam Smith?

(c) What are the objectives of tax?

1.

The Theory of Creative Destruction was developed by.... (A) Richard Cantillon (B) Israel Kuzner (C) Joseph Schumpeter (D) Peter Drucker

2.

Creative destruction refers to...... (A) Destruction of small businesses by government (B) Replacement of old products and processes with innovative ones (C) Elimination of competition (D) Reduction in production cost

3.

According to Kirzner, the economy is always in a state of..... (A) Perfect equilibrium (B) Monopoly (C) Disequilibrium (D) Stability

4.

Kirzner's theory emphasizes that entrepreneurs are alert to... (A) Government policies (B) Profitable opportunities (C) Bank loans (D) Tax reduction

5.

Richard Cantillon described an entrepreneur as an.... (A) Innovator (B) Manager (C) Arbitrageur (D) Risk avoider

6.

An entrepreneurial mindset primarily enables individuals to.... (A) Avoid responsibility (B) Depend on others (C) See opportunities where others see obstacles (D) Eliminate competition

7.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an entrepreneurial mindset? (A) Resilience (B) Risk tolerance (C) Passivity (D) Adaptability

8.

Innovative thinking involves...... (A) Copying competitors (B) Thinking creatively and differently (C) Avoiding risks (D) Ignoring customer needs

9.

According to Drucker (1985), innovation is....... (A) A government policy (B) The entrepreneur's specific tool to exploit change (C) A marketing strategy (D) A financial technique

10.

Creativity differs from innovation because..... (A) Creativity requires money (B) Innovation does not involve risk (C) Creativity is idea generation while innovation is implementation (D) Innovation cannot be measured

11.

The stage where a new idea is conceived in the creative process is called.... (A) Verification (B) Illumination (C) Preparation (D) Evaluation

12.

A business idea is best described as.... (A) A registered company (B) A government policy (C) A proposed product or service to solve problems (D) A financial institution

13.

Opportunity is defined as.. (A) A random event (B) An unsatisfied human need or want (C) A business loss (D) A government grant

14.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a promising business idea? (A) Relevant (B) Unique (C) Profitable in the long run (D) High competition

15.

Brainstorming is a technique used for..... (A) Risk management (B) Generating business ideas (C) Financial planning (D) Tax calculation

16.

Which of the following is a source of business opportunity? (A) Problems (B) Inflation (C) Salary (D) Weather

17.

In the opportunity development process, the stage where an opportunity is screened is called... (A) Identification (B) Exploitation (C) Evaluation (D) Certification

18.

Which of the following is a characteristic of creative entrepreneurs? (A) Rigidity (B) Curiosity (C) Fear of risk (D) Laziness

19.

Innovation can be measured, while creativity....... (A) Can be measured easily (B) Cannot be measured (C) Requires money (D) Is always risky

20.

.... is NOT a characteristic of entrepreneurship (A) Risk taker (B) Innovator (C) Cash distributor (D) Independent minded

21.

Which of the following is NOT a role of entrepreneurship? (A) Job creation (B) Economy shrinker (C) Problem solver (D) Innovation driver

22.

The following are theories of entrepreneurship except (A) Economic theories (B) Agency theories (C) Psychological theories (D) Resource-based theories

23.

Is not significant in entrepreneur in the global economy (A) Provides economic power (B) Increase in welfare of citizens (C) Global trade (D) None of the above

24.

Opportunity are unsatisfied needs and wants of humans. True or False?

25.

The opportunity development process includes the following, except (A) Identification of the opportunity (B) Distribution of the opportunity (C) Evaluation of the opportunity (D) Exploitation of the opportunity

26.

Which of the following is not a source of idea generation (A) Brainstorming (B) Survey (C) Research and development (D) None of the above

27.

The strategic planning mechanism employed by entrepreneurs to showcase, summarize and develop their business model is called (A) Special plan (B) Optimum strategy (C) Model canvas (D) All of the above

28.

Which of the following cannot constitute starting a business (A) Exposing a business (B) Starting a new business (C) Buying existing business (D) Franchising

29.

Is not a feature of a sole proprietorship (A) Risk avoiding (B) Single ownership (C) Management and control (D) Unlimited liability

30.

All but one are advantages of sole proprietorship (A) Easy to start (B) Sole beneficiary of profits (C) Better control (D) Large capital required

31.

Enterprise formation refers to the process of...... (A) Closing a business (B) Starting and organizing a new business (C) Borrowing money from a bank (D) Marketing products

32.

The first step in enterprise formation is usually..... (A) Hiring workers (B) Identifying a business opportunity (C) Paying taxes (D) Buying equipment

33.

A document that explains the goals and operations of a business is called...... (A) Receipt (B) Ledger (C) Business plan (D) Invoice

34.

The money used to start a business is known as..... (A) Profit (B) Capital (C) Interest (D) Salary

35.

An individual who starts and manages a business is called. (A) Customer (B) Entrepreneur (C) Supplier (D) Manager

1.

Word processing software is one of the most important applications of computer technology in legal education and legal practice. In 4 ways, identify and discuss how word processing can be useful for law students and legal practitioners.

2.

Trace the chronological sequence on the evolution of computer technology, with various advantages and disadvantages of each generation.

3.

The integration of computers and digital technologies into legal practice has transformed how lawyers, courts, and law students work. Despite these numerous benefits, the use of computers in the legal sector also presents several challenges. Identify 6 of these problems and discuss them.

4.

Electronic mail is one of the earliest applications but is still widely used because of its unique features. Discuss the ways e-mail is relevant to legal education and legal practice.

5.

The emergence of electronic law reports is being commended by many digital legal scholars. Discuss in detail the advantages and, if any, the disadvantages of electronic law reports.

6.

Write explanatory note on the following:

i. LawPavilion

ii. LexisNexis

iii. LegalPaedia

iv. HeinOnline

1.

ABC Millers Ltd is a firm of millers based in Yenagoa and in the course of their industrial milling operation the crankshaft of their steam engine was broken and the operations came to a halt because they do not have a spare one. If the mill is to begin operation again there is need to fabricate a new crankshaft. The only competent engineering company that can do a perfect fabrication is located in Lagos. That same day because of the urgency of the need to keep the mill running ABC Ltd contacted XYZ Haulage Ltd to deliver the broken crankshaft to the Engineering Company in Lagos so that they can use it as sample for the fabrication of a new one. A process that would have taken a maximum of one week from the day of delivery. ABC Millers did not inform XYZ Haulage that it has a special contract to mill for Federal Ministry of Agriculture which it was under pressure to execute which would have constituted a "special circumstance". After collecting the crankshaft XYZ Haulage Company Ltd delayed the delivery of the crankshaft to the Engineers in Lagos for them to do their work and return the crankshaft to ABC Millers Ltd. This unexplained delay resulted in ABC Millers from been able to restart their steam engine for the resumption of its operations. Meanwhile ABC Millers Ltd was already in trouble with its clients for its inability to deliver for recent and long-time orders. Aggrieved by the conduct of XYZ Haulage Ltd, ABC Millers Ltd has decided to file a suit claiming (i) N100 million Naira damages for loss of profit and (ii) N250 million for loss of profit from a special strategic contract from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. ABC Millers Ltd has approached you as a legal expert in this area of law, advise the company whether it would be able to commence and sustain an action for breach of contract and whether the court is likely to award both items of claims in (i) and (ii). Cite judicial authorities to back the legal reasons for your answer.

2.

When a lawful contract has been made and one of the parties finds himself in a situation which makes performance impossible, the courts will not compel performance, but will discharge the contract. However, the rules governing the discharge of contracts are fragmented and sometimes inconsistent." Critically discuss this statement with reference to the various methods of discharge.

3.

In April 2026, Anabel, the owner of a small boutique hotel in the countryside, decided to sell her business due to increasing operational costs. She placed an advertisement on a reputable business sales website stating: "Profitable 12-bedroom boutique hotel with strong annual turnover of N10,000,000.00, excellent trip advice reviews, and fully refurbished in 2025. No outstanding disputes with suppliers or regulatory authorities." Michael, an experienced hotelier looking to expand his portfolio, contacted Anabel. During face-to-face negotiations and subsequent email exchanges, Anabel made the following statements: "The hotel has generated an average net profit of N8,000,000.00 per annum for the last three years, and is in perfect structural condition." When Michael asked for verification, Anabel replied: "Everything is accurate and up to date; you have my word. I wouldn't dream of misleading you." Michael did not commission his own full due diligence survey or audit because he relied heavily on Anabel's assurances and the summarized accounts she provided. He entered into a written contract to purchase the hotel for N85,000,000.00 on 15 May 2026. Six weeks after completion, Michael discovered that the actual average annual net profit over the previous three years was N5,000,000.00. Anabel had deliberately inflated the figures in the accounts by including one-off insurance payouts and excluding several major repair costs, knowing full well that the true figures were much lower. The hotel had significant structural defects that were well known to Anabel; she had received a detailed survey report highlighting these problems six months earlier but deliberately provided Michael with an altered version that omitted the defects. Anabel admits she knew the statements were false at the time she made them but claims Michael should have conducted his own investigations and that the contract should stand.

(i) With the aid of relevant authorities, advise the parties on the issues arising from the scenario.

(ii) Would your advice be different if Anabel's false statement was made carelessly without reasonable grounds for believing in its truth or there is a special relationship of reliance.

4.

In February 2026, Olivia, a freelance graphic designer, responded to an online advertisement posted by Star Mark Ltd, a software development company. The advertisement sought a designer to create "a complete brand identity package including logo, colour scheme, and website visuals for its new AI productivity app called 'FlowState'." Olivia quoted N15,000,000.00 for the full project, and Star Mark Ltd accepted via email, stating: "We agree to your quote for the FlowState brand identity project." Unknown to each other, Olivia and Star Mark Ltd attached completely different meanings to the term "brand identity package." Olivia reasonably understood the contract to cover only static visual assets (logo, colour palette, and basic website mock-ups), which was her standard service offering. Star Mark Ltd, however, reasonably believed it included a full interactive website design with user interface elements, animations, and integration with their AI backend; a significantly more complex and expensive scope of work worth at least N25,000,000.00. During negotiations, Olivia sent sample logos and colour schemes based on her understanding. Star Mark's CEO, Nicholas, replied: "These look perfect for FlowState: can't wait to see the full website rollout." Both parties honestly believed their own interpretation was the obvious and correct one and did not realise there was any misunderstanding. Olivia interpreted Nicholas' reply as enthusiasm for her planned deliverables. Nicholas assumed his reference to "full website rollout" aligned with Olivia's standard service. After Olivia delivered the logo and mock-ups and invoiced for the balance, Star Mark refused to pay, claiming the deliverables were incomplete and that no true agreement had been reached. Olivia has sued for the outstanding N5,000,000.00. Star Mark argues that no binding contract was formed due to mistake. Olivia has consulted you as her counsel, advise her on the position of the law on the transaction, and her chances of success in a legal action.

5.

In November 2025, April Logistics, a specialist event management company, entered into a written contract with Daily Events Plc to organise and manage a large corporate conference scheduled for 15 June 2026 at a prestigious venue in Yenagoa. The contract price was N75,000,000.00 payable in three instalments. April Logistics would handle all logistics, catering, speaker bookings, and technical setup. The contract contained a force majeure clause covering "acts of God, government restrictions, pandemics, or other events beyond the reasonable control of the parties." Time was expressly stated to be of the essence for the delivery of the finalised programme by 1 May 2026. By March 2026, April Logistics had received the first two instalments (N25,000,000.00) and had incurred significant expenses booking venues, caterers, and celebrity speakers. In early April 2026, a new government regulation was introduced due to a public health emergency, imposing strict limits on indoor gatherings of more than 100 people. The conference venue notified both parties that it could no longer host the event on the agreed date. On 20 April 2026, Daily Events Plc sent a letter to April Logistics stating: "Due to the government restrictions, we consider the contract frustrated and cancelled. We will not be paying the final instalment." April Logistics responded that it was still willing and able to reorganise the event as a hybrid (in-person and virtual) conference at additional cost and demanded the balance of the contract price. Daily Events refused, arguing the contract was discharged by frustration or, alternatively, by their acceptance of April Logistics' alleged repudiatory breach (delay in finalising the programme). April Logistics has now brought proceedings claiming the full contract price or, alternatively, damages for breach and reimbursement of expenses incurred. Discuss the position of the law as it relates to the facts of this case.

6.

'At Common Law the only remedy available for the Breach of Contract is the award of damages and in certain situation the award of damages is considered inadequate to complete the justice in the case. However, the court of Equity has always stepped in to award equitable remedies that help to complete the circle of justice. In the light of the above, mention and explain the equitable remedies you have studied and discuss the specific situations where the court will grant each of the remedies.

1.

Procedural mechanisms in the Nigerian Legal System are indeed semi-regimental, to the extent that whenever an inappropriate procedure is used in instituting action in court, same shall be pulled down vide preliminary objection. Therefore, practitioners must be extra careful for the mode of procedure to be adopted in the initiation of civil causes of action. Many causes of action have suffered this ugly fate at courts of trial. In civil procedural system, there are some well-known procedural methods, each for some specific breaches or infringements. Dr. Ebhagha Ogudaoni, is a native of Obogwu Olobo, which legal system is quite distinct from that of Nigeria. Sincerely explain to him the various modes of commencement of action in civil jurisdictions in Nigeria.

2.

Mr. Emmanuel Okoro, a 24-year-old unemployed artisan, was arrested and charged before the High Court of Imo State for armed robbery. Having no financial means to engage a lawyer, he informed the court that he could not afford legal representation. The trial judge, however, proceeded with the trial without ensuring that legal representation was provided for him. During the proceedings, Mr. Okoro was unable to cross-examine prosecution witnesses effectively, failed to object to the admission of several documents, and eventually made damaging statements during his defence. He was convicted and sentenced to 15 year imprisonment. While in prison, a non-governmental organisation contacted the Legal Aid Council of Nigeria, which assigned a legal practitioner to represent him on appeal. The lawyer discovered several constitutional and procedural irregularities, including the denial of legal representation, violation of the accused's right to fair hearing and prolonged detention before trial. The Court of Appeal eventually allowed the appeal and ordered a retrial before another judge.

(a) Explain the concept and philosophy of legal aid in Nigeria.

(b) Examine the legal framework of the Legal Aid Council of Nigeria.

(c) Identify and discuss the functions and challenges of Legal Aid Council of Nigeria.

3.

Courts under the Nigerian Legal System are hierarchically arranged in order of status or stratifications. The Supreme Court is in the echelon, penultimate to it, is the Court of Appeal, and down the strata are the High Courts. There are so many courts in Nigeria with coordinate jurisdictions with the High Court, appeals from these courts lie to the Court of Appeal of Nigeria for rehearing. Carefully, itemize all the courts of parallel jurisdictions with the High Court and the provisions of the enabling law establishing them.

4.

Jibril Ahmed is a citizen of the ancient kingdom of Cush in North Africa, contemporarily known and described as the Republic of Ethiopia. It is the only African nation without colonial hegemony, and by virtue whereof, have no inherited legal system from the western world. He sojourns in Nigeria and have acquired permanent resident permit. He chooses to reside in Eballa Community, a rural settlement in Amureni ethnic nationality, wherein cultural practices are revered and honoured with high esteem. Through hard work and divine providence, Jibril Ahmed became so rich and influential. Due to his affluence, he had acquired vast expanse of land in Eballa, planted beautiful garden for resort centre for relaxation, magnificent estates to his glory, and have four (4) indigenous women to himself. Unfortunately to him, one of the women named Agbalokpon died intestate with numerous valuables. Jibril Ahmed had not perfected his marriage with Agbalokpon, he has not even documented any of his landed property. As a foreigner, he is so perplexed in all circumstances surrounding him, he has met you, give him advice on how to assuage his worries in an alien land with customary law.

5.

Judicial officers once appointed enjoy tenure of office for life. They are everlastingly entitled to all the paraphernalia and benefits unto death. Howbeit, a judicial officer could be removed and disciplined in certain circumstances. Concisely enumerate with brief explanations of some measures wherein the performance of a judicial officer on the bench might be checked.

6.

One of the regulatory bodies in the field of Legal Education in Nigeria is Body of Benchers. It is a body with legal practitioners and judicial officers of the highest regard and magnitude in the legal profession. The composition of its members are men with profound intellectual productivity in the profession of at least fifteen (15) years of post-call. It prescribes professional fees to be paid by all legal practitioners. The seventy-five percent attendance criteria, and three dinner sessions embarked upon by all aspirants to the Nigerian bar are some of their recommendations. Finally, every legal practitioner in Nigeria is admitted into the profession by the issuance of its Call to Bar Certificate. The configuration of the body is all encompassing and enormous in terms of numbers, embracing all facets of the legal profession. Mr. Okeleghel Enur just arrived the shores of Nigeria from Obhiny Abal, a sovereign state from the enclave of Oceania. He has devoted interest to acquaint himself with the composition of this all-important body. Kindly, catalogue the membership of the body to him.

1.

Fundamental objectives and directive principles of State policy in Chapter II of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) are described as positive rights while the fundamental rights in Chapter IV of the Constitution are described as negative rights. Discuss the conceptual and justiciability of the said rights with the aid of relevant statutory and case law authorities.

2.

Chief Mallam Independence was an agitator of the Niger Delta region and led a team of armed agitators against the Federal Republic of Nigeria. He was overpowered by the superior fire power of the Nigerian Army and was subsequently arrested. He was charged to court, tried and convicted after which he was sentenced to life imprisonment. After being in prison for 15 years, the President granted him an unconditional pardon. Chief Mallam Independence thereafter joined the All-Masses Party (AMP) and became its flagbearer to contest the central senatorial district seat of the Senate. He won the general elections having scored majority of lawful votes against his opponent in the election. His opponent Hon. Bob Drake has challenged the election on the basis that Chief Mallam Independence being an ex-convict is not qualified to contest the general election. Advise the parties on the scope of the President's power to grant prerogative of mercy.

3.

Dr. Rollas was recently elected and sworn-in as the Governor of Valley State. Shortly after the swearing-in, the Governor has serious disagreements with the House of Assembly over the presentation of appropriation bill of the State. The crisis led to the total shut down of legislative activities in the House of Assembly complex. The members of the House of Assembly decided to sit in another place within the State in a bid to impeach the Governor, which could not pull through as gun men interrupted the proceedings and shot sporadically. The crisis between the parties affected governmental activities to the point that the President declared a state of emergency in Valley State and thereafter suspended the Governor and his deputy as well as the House of Assembly. The Governor being aggrieved with the proclamation of the President has approached the court to challenge the power of the President to declare a state of emergency as well as the suspension of democratically elected institutions of the State. Assess the propriety of the President's actions.

4.

The Governor of Neverland State appointed his wife who is a legal practitioner as a High Court Judge of the State. Hon. Justice Nok having served as Chief Judge of the State and having reached his retirement age has duly retired. The Governor thereafter appointed his childhood friend who as at the time was the President of the Customary Court of Appeal of the State - Justice Okoko - as Acting Chief Judge, while ignoring the next most senior High Court Judge. The National Judicial Council in order to fill the vacant position of the Chief Judge nominated 2 persons to the Governor to be appointed as Chief Judge of whom his friend's name (Justice Okoko) was not included. The Governor, not pleased with the nomination made by the NJC proceeded to dismiss the 2 judges nominated from the service of the judiciary and appointed his childhood friend who was not nominated as the substantive Chief Judge of Neverland State. As a student of constitutional law explain the propriety of the Governor's actions.

5.

Mr. Tunde Johnson is 29 years old and wishes to contest for the office of Chairman of Eti-Osa Local Government Area in Lagos State. The following facts are disclosed during the screening exercise:

(a) He is a Nigerian citizen by birth.

(b) He possesses the Senior Secondary School Certificate (SSCE).

(c) He is a registered member of a political party and has been nominated by the party.

(d) He is a serving officer in the Lagos State Ministry of Health and has not resigned from his employment.

(e) Two years ago, he was convicted by a High Court for an offence involving dishonesty.

His nomination is challenged before the High Court on the ground that he is not qualified to contest. Advise the Court on whether Mr. Johnson is qualified to contest the office of Chairman of Eti-Osa Local Government Area.

6.

Write short notes on any 3 of the following:

• Habeas corpus

• Mandamus

• Certiorari

• Prohibition

• Injunction

1. (25 Marks)

Sarah, an investigative journalist, secretly recorded a private conversation between a State Commissioner and his spouse inside their residence. Although the conversation revealed no evidence of corruption, abuse of office, or any other criminal conduct, Sarah nevertheless published the recording on her newspaper's reportage of February 24, 2026 on the ground that the public would be interested in the contents. Advise the parties on their respective rights and liabilities under the law in Nigeria, making reference to the relevant constitutional provisions, statutes, and judicial authorities.

2. (15 Marks)

"Information exempted from disclosure may nevertheless be released where disclosure is justified by public interest." Critically examine this statement with reference to the relevant provisions of Nigerian law.

3. (15 Marks)

The rapid development of information technology has significantly transformed the concept of privacy. Examine the legal framework governing digital privacy in Nigeria, with particular reference to the provisions of the Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023.

4. (15 Marks)

Identify and explain the statutory terms used under the Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023 for persons or entities responsible for determining the purposes and means of processing personal data and those who process personal data on behalf of others.

5. (15 Marks)

Distinguish between public interest and public curiosity in media law. Illustrating your answer with relevant legal principles and practical examples.

6. (15 Marks)

Explain the objectives of the Official Secrets Act in Nigeria. Discuss the categories of information protected under the Act and the rationale for protecting such classified and confidential information.

1.

Janet is a peasant farmer without financial means to access modern agro feeds for her intended expansion project. However, Janet has a vast expanse of land bequeathed to her by her late father. Two years ago, Janet had approached Chief Gotex for a loan which was granted in the sum of N500,000.00 only upon a pledge to repay in 24 months. Janet used one hectare of her land as the security for the loan with an undertaking to redeem same. 26 months after, Janet has failed to redeem the pledge and Chief Gotex has threatened to take ownership of the land. Janet has consulted your services as a human rights lawyer. Advise Janet on her rights and the limitations of Chief Gotex.

2.

Customary land law regulates ownership, possession, use, transfer and inheritance of land under native law and custom. Briefly explain the concept of landholding and the modes of acquisition of title under customary land law.

3.

Ebiere and Ebiowei had been married under native law and custom for the past two years. The marriage now suffers from a lack of affection and commitment. The parties have defied all efforts at settlement and are determined to end the marriage on the ground of irreconcilable differences. They have consulted you as a lawyer. Advise the parties on the options they can explore in dissolving the marriage.

4.

With the aid of judicial and statutory authorities, briefly discuss the extant position on the conflict between custom and statute as it relates to the right against discrimination, using customary inheritance as a case study.

5.

Mr. Adam was the Head Chief of Otuoke Township, who until his death intestate lived in a property by virtue of the office of Head Chief. Mr. Adam also administered the land attached to the office on behalf of the community. Upon his death, his son, John has held himself out as the owner of the land attached to his late father's office and the position held by the father without regard for the custom practiced in the village. As a law student with knowledge of customary law, please advise Mr. John Adam on the customary status of the land and his chances of inheritance of the property.

6.

It has been argued that a customary tenancy can never metamorphose into ownership of land without actual transfer of title by the owner or landlord. Do you agree?

QUESTION 1

Mrs. Efe, an engineer employed by Resourceful Oil Ltd. in Akwa Ibom, earned a gross annual salary of ₦15 million. She also earned rental income from two houses in Lagos. During the year, she started an agricultural company in a rural area, and also pastors a church and runs a school. She failed to file her annual tax returns. The relevant tax authorities have assessed her, the agricultural company, church and school to tax and imposed penalties. Advise Mrs. Efe on:

(a) The various forms of tax relief available to her under Nigerian tax laws.

(b) Whether all her respective incomes are taxable.

(c) The legality of the tax authority to impose penalties.

(d) The remedies available to her if she disputes the assessment by the tax authority.

QUESTION 2

The Federal Government wants to increase its revenue base and introduced several fiscal measures. To comply with the measures:

(1) Equisite Ventures Ltd. is assessed to pay Companies Income Tax on its annual profits;

(2) Mrs. Ikoki, an employee of the company, has Personal Income Tax deducted from her monthly salary under the PAYE scheme;

(3) Perfect Hotels charged Value Added Tax (VAT) on all taxable goods sold to customers and remitted the tax to the relevant tax authority;

(4) Pinnus E-commerce Ltd. imported HP computers into Nigeria and was asked to pay customs duties before clearing the goods from the port. The company subsequently includes the amount paid as customs duty in the selling price of the computers.

Mr. Ikogi, a customer who purchased one of the computers, has argued that he has been subjected to multiple taxation because he indirectly paid VAT and customs duty through the purchase price. He also contends that Companies Income Tax and Personal Income Tax are the same as VAT since they are all taxes imposed by the government.

As a tax master expert:

(a) Classify each of the taxes and duties mentioned in the above scenario as either direct or indirect taxes, giving reasons for your classification.

(b) Advise Mr. Ikogi on whether his arguments are legally correct.

QUESTION 3

Elegant Ventures Ltd., a company liable to pay and duly registered for VAT, supplies educational materials, pharmaceuticals, and office furniture. During an audit, the Federal tax authority demanded VAT on all supplies and imposed interest and penalties for late remittance. He argued that he has paid VAT to the state Government.

(a) Examine the challenges of VAT administration in Nigeria with reference to the constitutional issues raised by the case of Attorney General of Rivers State v Attorney General of the Federation and suggest reforms for improving the system.

(b) Mention the exempt supplies and the consequences of failure to remit VAT.

QUESTION 4

(a) Christdaughter retired from Nigerian Confectioneries LTD where she is being paid pension and gratuity. She also receives dividends from her shares in Mertam Technologies. The Tax board sent her assessment on these incomes. Advise her on the legality or otherwise of taxing these incomes.

(b) Mrs. Nneka sold her residential house, shares in a Nigerian company, and a parcel of agricultural land during the year. She claims that none of the transactions is liable to Capital Gains Tax.

Advise her, stating clearly which disposals attract Capital Gains Tax and which are exempt.

QUESTION 5

The tax authority served a company with a Best of Judgment (BOJ) assessment after the company failed to submit its tax returns despite repeated notices. The company argues that the assessment is excessive and unlawful. Discuss:

(a) The circumstances under which a BOJ assessment may be made.

(b) The procedure for challenging the assessment.

(c) The role of the Tax Appeal Tribunal.

(d) Whether the company must pay before appealing.

QUESTION 6

Chief Horsefall deliberately failed to disclose part of his business income while claiming fictitious expenses to reduce his tax liability. His accountant argues that this amounts to tax planning. Discuss:

(a) The distinction between tax avoidance and tax evasion.

(b) The civil and criminal consequences of Chief Horsefall’s conduct.

(c) Whether the accountant may also be liable.

1.

A. Outline ten (10) job specializations for computing professionals.

B. In a tabular form, outline four (4) differences between data and information.

C. State ten (10) areas of computer science discipline.

D. Outline four (4) differences between primary and secondary storage devices.

E. What is an application software?

2.

A. What are computer peripherals?

B. State any three (3) instances of output devices.

C. Outline five (5) benefits of personal computer to the society.

3.

Write short notes on the following:

• Abacus

• Napiers Bone

• Computer

4.

A. Mention any six (6) instances of input devices.

B. In a tabular form, outline three (3) pros and cons of the main memory.

C. Define system software.

5.

A. In your own words, what is a computer memory?

B. What is the difference between ALU and CU?

C. Explicitly distinguish between RAM and ROM.

6.

A. Outline three (3) instances of secondary storage devices.

B. State the three types of memory you have studied.

C. Mention three (3) differences between SRAM and DRAM.

D. Write a short note about the internet.